{"id":10286,"date":"2022-05-05T20:07:31","date_gmt":"2022-05-05T20:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/casajaguarstudio.com\/?p=10286"},"modified":"2025-01-30T18:52:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T18:52:31","slug":"clara-tocarruncho-tupac-amaru-emperador-de-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casajaguarstudio.com\/es\/clara-tocarruncho-tupac-amaru-emperador-de-america\/","title":{"rendered":"Clara Tocarruncho, \"\u00a1T\u00fapac Amaru, emperador de Am\u00e9rica!\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">By: Ana Mar\u00eda Zabala&nbsp;G\u00f3mez<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rebeliones andinas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">En 1780, a los Andes los sacudieron los implacables vientos de una rebeli\u00f3n. Desde Cusco, los pueblos ind\u00edgenas, hastiados de tres siglos de servidumbre a una corona invasora, agitaban la bandera de liberaci\u00f3n bajo el liderazgo del cacique Jos\u00e9 Gabriel T\u00fapac Amaru (1740-1781). Desde La Paz, los pueblos quechua y aymara, con T\u00fapac Katari y Bartolina Sisa, saqueaban propiedades coloniales y quemaban iglesias\u2014desafiando el orden colonial edificado a costa del saqueo de las minas donde tantos ind\u00edgenas eran esclavizados y llevados a la muerte temprana envenenados y desgastados.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">El vendaval de las rebeliones andinas gener\u00f3 terror en los virreinatos de Lima y Buenos Aires y present\u00f3 el desaf\u00edo m\u00e1s importante al dominio espa\u00f1ol por parte de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Sudam\u00e9rica. A pesar de quebrantar el r\u00e9gimen del imperio espa\u00f1ol tres d\u00e9cadas antes de las luchas independentistas en la regi\u00f3n, la historiograf\u00eda eurocentrista de las posteriores rep\u00fablicas excluy\u00f3 a estas rebeliones en sus relatos de emancipaci\u00f3n. Hasta el siglo XX, las historias de la rebeli\u00f3n aymara-quechua y la rebeli\u00f3n de T\u00fapac Amaru fueron reivindicadas por la historiograf\u00eda de los pa\u00edses andinos.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">Los colonizadores sofocaron violentamente a estos movimientos ejecutando cruelmente a sus l\u00edderes y exhibiendo sus cuerpos descuartizados para amedrentar al resto del alzamiento. Pero el eco del vendaval reson\u00f3 por toda la extensi\u00f3n de la cordillera andina, la m\u00e1s larga de la Tierra. Sus vientos libertarios que anunciaban augurios de esperanza alcanzaron a una mujer audaz con ra\u00edces milenarias en el altiplano de los Andes septentrionales.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright has-text-color\" style=\"color:#703ca1\"><blockquote><p>El vendaval de las rebeliones andinas present\u00f3 el desaf\u00edo m\u00e1s importante a la dominaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola por parte de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Sudam\u00e9rica.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El Mot\u00edn de C\u00f3mbita<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">En el pueblo de C\u00f3mbita en la entonces Nueva Granada, Clara Tocarruncho, proclamaba \"\u00a1T\u00fapac Amaru, emperador de Am\u00e9rica!\" en una congregaci\u00f3n de ind\u00edgenas y mestizos a principios de 1781. Los vientos de la rebeli\u00f3n andina soplaban por los bosques h\u00famedos de niebla a trav\u00e9s de la voz de la descendiente muisca de los zaques de Tunja. En 1781, Clara Tocarruncho lider\u00f3 un movimiento de insurrecci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena que se denomin\u00f3 \u201cEl Mot\u00edn de C\u00f3mbita.\u201d Al tiempo que la comerciante Manuela Beltran protestaba los impuestos de las reformas borb\u00f3nicas de la Corona Espa\u00f1ola tirando al suelo el pergamino real de la plaza de El Socorro, Clara Tocarruncho propon\u00eda suplantar a la monarqu\u00eda espa\u00f1ola por el programa de gobierno del inca T\u00fapac Amaru.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">Seg\u00fan Marisa Gallego (2017), las demandas del programa enunciado por T\u00fapac Amaru eran:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-black-color has-text-color is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-la extinci\u00f3n del \"mal gobierno\" de los corregidores;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-la abolici\u00f3n de la mita de Potos\u00ed<sup><a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#footnotes\" href=\"#footnotes\">1<\/a><\/sup>;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-la supresi\u00f3n de los obrajes textiles&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-el fin del reparto mercantil y la cancelaci\u00f3n de deudas;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-la liberaci\u00f3n de las personas esclavizadas, y&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">- la instauraci\u00f3n de una Audiencia en Cusco (instituci\u00f3n colonial).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">El \u201cmot\u00edn de C\u00f3mbita\u201d de Clara Tocarruncho cre\u00f3 sus propios vientos de rebeli\u00f3n que agitaron a pueblos cercanos como El Cocuy, Silos, Mutiscua y Socorro. En el Socorro estos vientos se convirtieron en la conocida Rebeli\u00f3n de los Comuneros. La Rebeli\u00f3n de los Comuneros surgi\u00f3 de la inconformidad con los nuevos impuestos que impon\u00eda la corona y el monopolio que estaban creando alrededor de ciertos productos como el tabaco y el aguardiente. Estas medidas fiscales afectaron sobre todo a los comerciantes mestizos y los criollos de capacidad econ\u00f3mica, quienes en su mayor\u00eda lideraron la rebeli\u00f3n en El Socorro.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">No me sorprende, entonces, que \u201cLa Rebeli\u00f3n de los Comuneros\u201d blanca y mestiza, es m\u00e1s recordada y mucho m\u00e1s documentada que \u201cel mot\u00edn de C\u00f3mbita\u201d ind\u00edgena. De Manuela Beltr\u00e1n, por ejemplo, a pesar de que por ser mujer fue invisibilizada, hoy se encuentran varias biograf\u00edas, su nombre resuena en textos educativos, instituciones, plazas y monumentos e incluso fue homenajeada con su retrato en una estampilla de Colombia. De Clara Tocarruncho y sus vientos de emancipaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s amplia que inclu\u00eda a los m\u00e1s despose\u00eddos de la historia de este territorio, quedan pocos registros: ning\u00fan retrato y su biograf\u00eda consiste en las mismas tres oraciones que se repiten en diferentes fuentes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">El fin de la vida de Clara es desconocido. No se sabe si vivi\u00f3 una vida longeva o si fue asesinada a manos del orden colonial como Tupac Amaru, quien antes de que el verdugo le cortara la lengua el 18 de mayo de 1781  dijo en kichwa y castellano: \u201cTikrashami hunu makanakuypi kasha\u201d  \u201cVolver\u00e9 y ser\u00e9 millones\u201d (Bacacela, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a1Se necesitan m\u00e1s homenajes a esas figuras que representan las verdaderas luchas de emancipaci\u00f3n de Latinoam\u00e9rica!  Aquellas que, como Clara Tocarruncho, han sido excluidas por la historiograf\u00eda eurocentrista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-medium-font-size is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Volver\u00e9 y ser\u00e9 millones<\/p>\n<cite>T\u00fapac Amaru<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"footnotes\">Notas <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;A trav\u00e9s de la \u201cmita de Potos\u00ed\u201d, los colonizadores reclutaban ind\u00edgenas para el trabajo esclavo en la extracci\u00f3n de plata en el cerro de Potos\u00ed. En los tres siglos que dur\u00f3 el saqueo del cerro de Potos\u00ed, seg\u00fan Eduardo Galeano en Las Venas Abiertas de Am\u00e9rica Latina, se extrajeron unos 60.000 millones de toneladas de plata, que ser\u00edan suficientes para construir un puente de oro y plata desde Potos\u00ed hasta Madrid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gobernaci\u00f3n de Boyac\u00e1. (2019) \u201cEstos son algunos de los aportes de varias hero\u00ednas a la causa libertadora de 1819\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boyaca.gov.co\/estos-son-algunos-de-los-aportes-de-varias-heroinas-a-la-causa-libertadora-de-1819\/\">Recuperado<\/a> el 05\/05\/2022.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alcald\u00eda de Bogot\u00e1. (2019) \u201cHero\u00ednas de la independencia, la historia no contada\u201d, Archivo de Bogot\u00e1.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/mapas.bogota.gov.co\/heroinas\/index.html\">Recuperado<\/a> el 05\/05\/2022.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gallego, Marisa. (2017) \u201cLa rebeli\u00f3n andina de T\u00fapac Amaru\u201d, Editorial Maipue. <a href=\"https:\/\/es.scribd.com\/read\/352634936\/LA-REBELION-ANDINA-DE-TUPAC-AMARU\">Recuperado<\/a> el 05\/05\/2022.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rueda Santos, Rigoberto. (n.d) \u201cLa rebeli\u00f3n de los Comuneros\u201d, Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia. <a href=\"https:\/\/bibliotecanacional.gov.co\/es-co\/colecciones\/biblioteca-digital\/exposiciones\/Exposicion?Exposicion=La%20rebeli%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20Comuneros#Las%20reformas%20borb%C3%B3nicas\">Recuperado<\/a> on 05\/05\/2022.&nbsp;Bacacela G., Sisa Pacari. (2017) \u201cT\u00fapac Amaru y la vigencia de su pensamiento\u201d, La L\u00ednea de Fuego.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/lalineadefuego.info\/tupac-amaru-y-la-vigencia-de-su-pensamiento-por-sisa-pacari-bacacela-g\/\">Recuperado<\/a> el 05\/05\/2022.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By: Ana Mar\u00eda Zabala&nbsp;G\u00f3mez Andean rebellions In 1780, the Andes were shaken by the relentless winds of rebellion. From Cusco,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[102,104,105,103],"class_list":["post-10286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mujeres","tag-clara-tocarruncho","tag-colombia","tag-heroinas-de-la-indenpendencia-de-colombia","tag-historia-indigena"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Clara Tocarruncho: &quot;T\u00fapac Amaru, emperor of America!\u201d - Casa Jaguar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/casajaguarstudio.com\/es\/clara-tocarruncho-tupac-amaru-emperador-de-america\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Clara Tocarruncho: &quot;T\u00fapac Amaru, emperor of America!\u201d - Casa Jaguar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By: Ana Mar\u00eda Zabala&nbsp;G\u00f3mez Andean rebellions In 1780, the Andes were shaken by the relentless winds of rebellion. 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